A comprehensive review on design, monitoring, and failure in fixed offshore platforms

Offshore platforms have had diverse applications in the marine industry, for example, oil or gas platforms can provide facilities to store the oil and gas before transport those to refineries. Offshore wind turbines are another well-known use of the offshore platform for generating power. As platforms encounter various strong forces from water and wind currents, the materials used for these structures are mainly steel or concrete. These platforms are classified into different types, according to the depth of water and their applications. In addition, offshore platforms, as artificial reefs may be used for decades at different marine conditions. Consequently, their design and maintenance are very important, otherwise, they can cause irreparable damage to the environment. This paper presents the latest and most significant design and monitoring methods, such as the optimal probabilistic seismic demand model, multi-objective optimization, dynamic response assessment, robust fault-tolerant control, etc., under different environmental and geographical conditions. Moreover, the effective factors on the life and failure of these offshore structures are comprehensively introduced to enhance awareness of them, which can be very helpful to improve the design and construction of more reliable and durable structures. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.