Solar PV Power Plant Site Selection and Energy Production Potential in Southeastern Europe Using GIS, Remote Sensing, and Fuzzy AHP

Due to increasing demand and consumption of electricity, as well as the need to decarbonize and mitigate climate change, solar energy is an important factor in the transition to emission-free energy sources. This study focuses on identifying the most suitable locations for the construction of large solar photovoltaic (PV) power plants while respecting environmental, economic, and technical standards. The study area covers the mainland part of Southeastern Europe (796,039 km2), including the following countries: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, and Türkiye. Using geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing methods, nine factors (topographic, climatic, hydrological, ecological, vegetation, and anthropogenic) were analyzed with a spatial resolution of 100 m. A fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) pairwise comparison matrix was constructed to quantify the relative importance of the selected criteria. The F-AHP weighting results indicate that photovoltaic output (17.9%) and land use (15.7%) are the most important among the evaluated criteria. The results show that 6.7% of Southeastern Europe is very highly suitable for installing solar PV plants, with the most suitable areas located in Moldova (14.5%) and Greece (10.5%). Through spatial analysis of the final results, 24 of the most suitable locations for large-scale solar PV power plant development were identified, with a potential to generate approximately 30.2 TWh of electricity annually. In such a scenario, the forecast indicates that 24 large-scale solar power plants would supply electricity to more than 6.7 million households, corresponding to over 17 million inhabitants. The final spatial patterns provide decision-makers at the international level with a significantly more effective basis for planning solar energy development in order to increase the share of green energy and clean technologies in this part of Europe.