Comparison of the concepts of είδος in Plato and rūpa in the Indian philosophy of the classical period; [СОПОСТАВЛЕНИЕ ПОНЯТИЙ είδος У ПЛАТОНА И RŪPA В ИНДИЙСКОЙ ФИЛОСОФИИ КЛАССИЧЕСКОГО ПЕРИОДА]

This article is devoted to the comparison of the concepts of είδος and rūpa in the Indian philosophy of the classical period. In the form of a brief essay, the issues of the origin and terminological consolidation of such fundamental terms in ancient philosophy as eidos and idea, as well as various connotations of the concept of rūpa, fundamental to Indian philosophy, are investigated. For the first time the word είδος appears in the text of the poet Pindar, and then, thanks to the efforts of Democritus and Plato, it becomes one of the most important philosophical concepts. Unlike the word είδος, whose philosophical evolution can be traced based on primary sources, it is impossible to establish the main milestones of the appearance of various connotations and meanings with respect to the word rūpa with accuracy and relying on primary sources. The main component of the meaning of the philosophical term rūpa is a certain nature (subtle or gross) of physicality/materiality/phenomenality, which somehow correlates with at least one organ of sensory perception and in fact characterizes not the world as such, but rather the anthropological dimension of the world - that is, how it is given to man (through the organs of sensory perception). The analysis leads us to the following conclusion: despite the fact that in everyday language the word rūpa is comparable to the Greek word είδος -in both cases we see a correlation with vision and form, nevertheless, at the philosophical level these words cannot be considered equivalent to each other. Firstly, because in Western European philosophy the term είδος is closely related to the name of Plato, while in the history of Indian philosophy the word rūpa does not have a close correlation with any of the philosophical schools, teachings or personalities. Further, there is also a meaningful difference between these two terms, which is very significant is that the concept of είδος is associated with ideal images that are 'restored' (recalled) when looking at real things, and which relate to the world of the intelligible. The word rūpa is more connected with the material characteristics of real objects and their perception by a person through the senses. That is, these terms are multi-level concepts. © 2022 Russian Academy of Sciences. All right reserved.