External drainage of the bile ducts (Russian)

Experiments upon the hydrodynamics of the bile flow showed that bile flow does not depend upon the site of introduction of the drainage tube and its direction. For the drainage of the bile one should use tubes with an internal diameter not less than 3 mm. A clinical study was made of operations of external drainage of the common bile duct in 230 patients. The T shape drain of A.V. Vishnevsky and also the drainage of the stump of the cystic duct are the most simple and safe methods of drainage. In reconstructive operations on the bile duct the transhepatic method of drainage may be used. Transpapillary drains often cause complications and are to be used only when absolutely indicated.