The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15–39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods: Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15–39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings: There were 1·19 million (95% UI 1·11–1·28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000–425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15–39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59·6 [54·5–65·7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53·2 [48·8–57·9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14·2 [12·9–15·6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13·6 [12·6–14·8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23·5 million (21·9–25·2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2·7% (1·9–3·6) came from YLDs and 97·3% (96·4–98·1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation: Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, St Baldrick's Foundation, and the National Cancer Institute. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

Авторы
Alvarez E.M. , Force L.M. , Xu R. , Compton K. , Lu D. , Henrikson H.J. , Kocarnik J.M. , Harvey J.D. , Pennini A. , Dean F.E. , Fu W. , Vargas M.T. , Keegan T.H.M. , Ariffin H. , Barr R.D. , Erdomaeva Y.A. , Gunasekera D.S. , John-Akinola Y.O. , Ketterl T.G. , Kutluk T. , Malogolowkin M.H. , Mathur P. , Radhakrishnan V. , Ries L.A.G. , Rodriguez-Galindo C. , Sagoyan G.B. , Sultan I. , Abbasi B. , Abbasi-Kangevari M. , Abbasi-Kangevari Z. , Abbastabar H. , Abdelmasseh M. , Abd-Elsalam S. , Abdoli A. , Abebe H. , Abedi A. , Abidi H. , Abolhassani H. , Ali H.A. , Abu-Gharbieh E. , Achappa B. , Acuna J.M. , Adedeji I.A. , Adegboye O.A. , Adnani Q.E.S. , Advani S.M. , Afzal M.S. , Meybodi M.A. , Ahadinezhad B. , Ahinkorah B.O. , Ahmad S. , Ahmadi S. , Ahmed M.B. , Rashid T.A. , Salih Y.A. , Aiman W. , Akalu G.T. , Hamad H.A. , Alahdab F. , AlAmodi A.A. , Alanezi F.M. , Alanzi T.M. , Alem A.Z. , Alem D.T. , Alemayehu Y. , Alhalaiqa F.N. , Alhassan R.K. , Ali S. , Alicandro G. , Alipour V. , 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Журнал
The Lancet Oncology
Номер выпуска
1
Язык
Английский
Страницы
27-52
Статус
Опубликовано
Ссылка
Внешняя ссылка
DOI
10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00581-7
Том
23
Год
2022
Организации
  • 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
  • 2 Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
  • 3 Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  • 4 Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  • 5 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  • 6 Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  • 7 Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  • 8 Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  • 9 Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  • 10 Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 11 University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 12 Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  • 13 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  • 14 Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  • 15 Oncology Department, Children Republican Clinical Hospital, Ulan-Ude, Russian Federation
  • 16 Department of Paediatrics, National Cancer Institute, Maharagama, Sri Lanka
  • 17 Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 18 Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 19 Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 20 Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 21 Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 22 Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
  • 23 Pediatric Oncologist Department of Surgery No. 2 (Tumors of Thoracoabdominal Localization), N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  • 24 Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  • 25 National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bengaluru, India
  • 26 Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A), Chennai, India
  • 27 School of Nursing and Midwifery, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  • 28 RiesSearch LLC, Rockville, MD, United States
  • 29 Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
  • 30 Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
  • 31 Pediatric Services, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
  • 32 Department of Cell Therapy and Applied Genomics, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
  • 33 Department of Pediatrics, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  • 34 Department of Physiotherapy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  • 35 Uro-oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 36 Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 37 Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 38 Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 39 Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 40 Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 41 Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 42 Department of Ophthalmology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 43 School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 44 Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 45 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 46 Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 47 Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 48 Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 49 Department of Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 50 Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 51 Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 52 Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 53 Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 54 Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 55 Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institution, Isfahan, Iran
  • 56 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  • 57 School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  • 58 Department of Community Nutrition, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  • 59 Department of Pharmacology, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  • 60 Obesity Research Center, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  • 61 Department of Parasitology, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  • 62 Department of Health & Community Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  • 63 School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  • 64 Department of Epidemiology, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  • 65 Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  • 66 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 67 Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  • 68 Department of Tropical Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
  • 69 Department of Pediatrics, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
  • 70 Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
  • 71 Master of Public Health in Reproductive Health, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
  • 72 Department of Midwifery, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
  • 73 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  • 74 Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  • 75 Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  • 76 Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasouj University, Yasuj, Iran
  • 77 Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  • 78 Department of Computer Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  • 79 Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  • 80 University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  • 81 Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  • 82 College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  • 83 Mass Communication Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  • 84 Sharjah Institute for Medical Research University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  • 85 Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  • 86 Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  • 87 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  • 88 Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  • 89 Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  • 90 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  • 91 FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
  • 92 Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
  • 93 Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
  • 94 Division of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  • 95 Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
  • 96 Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  • 97 School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
  • 98 Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 99 Department of Medicine, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
  • 100 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  • 101 Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  • 102 The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research (ACPPHR), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  • 103 School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  • 104 Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  • 105 Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  • 106 Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  • 107 Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  • 108 Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  • 109 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq
  • 110 Database Technology Department, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  • 111 College of Informatics, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  • 112 Department of Neurology, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
  • 113 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 114 Public Health Department, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 115 Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 116 Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 117 College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 118 School of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 119 Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  • 120 Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  • 121 Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  • 122 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  • 123 Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  • 124 Health Information Management and Technology Department, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  • 125 Environmental Health Department, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  • 126 Forensic Medicine Division, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  • 127 Pharmacy Practice Department, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  • 128 Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  • 129 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  • 130 Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  • 131 Department of Biochemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  • 132 Department of Surgical Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  • 133 Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  • 134 School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  • 135 Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  • 136 Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  • 137 Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  • 138 Department of Biomedical Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  • 139 Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  • 140 Arba Minch College of Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  • 141 School of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  • 142 College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  • 143 Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
  • 144 Psychological Sciences Association, Amman, Jordan
  • 145 Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  • 146 Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  • 147 Department of Information Systems, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  • 148 Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  • 149 Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano (University of Milan), Milan, Italy
  • 150 Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (IRCCS 'Ca' Granda Maggiore Policlinico' Hospital Foundation), Milan, Italy
  • 151 Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 152 Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 153 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 154 Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 155 Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 156 Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 157 Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 158 Department of Internal Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 159 Trauma and Injury Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 160 Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 161 Department of Medical Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 162 Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 163 Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
  • 164 International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  • 165 Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  • 166 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  • 167 Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  • 168 Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, MA, United States
  • 169 College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  • 170 Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Sanaa, Yemen
  • 171 College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 172 Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 173 Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  • 174 Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  • 175 Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
  • 176 Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  • 177 Department of Health Services Management, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
  • 178 Department of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  • 179 Department of Cardiology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  • 180 Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  • 181 Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  • 182 Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  • 183 Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  • 184 Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  • 185 Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 186 Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 187 Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 188 Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 189 Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 190 Department of Parasitology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 191 School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 192 School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 193 Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
  • 194 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  • 195 Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 196 Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 197 Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 198 Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 199 Department of Environmental Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 200 Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
  • 201 School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
  • 202 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  • 203 Medical Toxicology & Drug Abuse Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  • 204 Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Madda Walabu University, Robe, Ethiopia
  • 205 Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Robe, Ethiopia
  • 206 School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, Robe, Ethiopia
  • 207 Department of Midwifery, Madda Walabu University, Robe, Ethiopia
  • 208 College of Allied Health Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Lower Dir, Timergara, Pakistan
  • 209 Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
  • 210 Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  • 211 Department of Anatomical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  • 212 Faculty of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  • 213 Department of Immunology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
  • 214 School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
  • 215 School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  • 216 Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  • 217 Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, NSW, Australia
  • 218 Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
  • 219 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
  • 220 Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, National Health Service (NHS) Scotland, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  • 221 School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  • 222 Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  • 223 Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  • 224 Health Systems Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  • 225 The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  • 226 School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  • 227 San Martin de Porres University, Lima, Peru
  • 228 Department of Midwifery, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  • 229 Department of Pharmacy, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  • 230 Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  • 231 Department of Neurosurgery, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 232 Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 233 Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  • 234 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  • 235 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  • 236 Department of Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  • 237 Department of Health Management and Economics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  • 238 Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  • 239 School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  • 240 Department of Epidemiology, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  • 241 Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th October City, Egypt
  • 242 Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  • 243 Department of Parasitology, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  • 244 Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  • 245 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  • 246 School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  • 247 School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  • 248 Unit of Biochemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  • 249 Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
  • 250 Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  • 251 Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  • 252 Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  • 253 T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  • 254 Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  • 255 Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
  • 256 Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  • 257 Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  • 258 University Eye Clinic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  • 259 Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
  • 260 Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
  • 261 School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Aden College, Aden, Yemen
  • 262 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  • 263 Department of Public health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  • 264 Department of Biomedical Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  • 265 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  • 266 Department of Health Informatics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  • 267 School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  • 268 Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences 'Deemed To Be University', Karad, India
  • 269 Public Health Dentistry Department, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences 'Deemed To Be University', Karad, India
  • 270 Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
  • 271 School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  • 272 Department of Forensic Chemistry, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Aurangabad, India
  • 273 Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
  • 274 Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  • 275 Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  • 276 Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  • 277 Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  • 278 Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  • 279 School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  • 280 Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  • 281 Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  • 282 Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  • 283 Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  • 284 Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  • 285 Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  • 286 Department of Anatomy, Manipal University College Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia
  • 287 Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
  • 288 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  • 289 Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  • 290 Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  • 291 Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  • 292 Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  • 293 Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
  • 294 Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  • 295 Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
  • 296 Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  • 297 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan
  • 298 Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  • 299 Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
  • 300 Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  • 301 Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  • 302 Health Economics Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  • 303 College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  • 304 Health and Social Care Economics Group, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  • 305 Southgate Institute for Health and Society, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  • 306 Department of Public Health, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
  • 307 School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  • 308 Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  • 309 Institute of Microengineering, Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
  • 310 Program in Physical Therapy, Washington Universtiy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  • 311 Department of Surgery, Washington Universtiy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  • 312 Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
  • 313 Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
  • 314 National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
  • 315 Department of Public Health and Mental Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
  • 316 Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  • 317 Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
  • 318 Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
  • 319 Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  • 320 School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  • 321 Hospitalist Department, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, United States
  • 322 School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  • 323 Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  • 324 Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  • 325 Center for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India
  • 326 Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tata Memorial Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India
  • 327 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
  • 328 Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
  • 329 Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
  • 330 Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
  • 331 Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Vellore, India
  • 332 Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
  • 333 Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
  • 334 Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  • 335 Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
  • 336 Nova Medical School, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
  • 337 Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 338 Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 339 Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 340 Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 341 Health Systems Management, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 342 College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 343 School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
  • 344 IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  • 345 Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  • 346 Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  • 347 Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  • 348 Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  • 349 Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  • 350 Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  • 351 Health Policy Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  • 352 Department of Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  • 353 India Cancer Research Consortium, New Delhi, India
  • 354 Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  • 355 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
  • 356 Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  • 357 Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  • 358 Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  • 359 Department of Radiology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  • 360 Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  • 361 School of Public Health, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia
  • 362 Emergency Operating Center (EOC), Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 363 Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
  • 364 Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
  • 365 Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  • 366 Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • 367 Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • 368 Health Research Section, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • 369 Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • 370 Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
  • 371 Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  • 372 Department of Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  • 373 Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  • 374 Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  • 375 Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  • 376 Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  • 377 Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  • 378 Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  • 379 Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Ключевые слова
Adolescent; Adult; Cause of Death; Disability-Adjusted Life Years; Female; Global Burden of Disease; Global Health; Humans; Incidence; Life Expectancy; Male; Mortality; Neoplasms; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult; adolescent; adult; Article; cancer control; cancer incidence; cancer mortality; cancer registry; cause of death; disability-adjusted life year; global disease burden; health disparity; human; life expectancy; malignant neoplasm; mortality rate; nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; prevalence; years of potential life lost; young adult; female; global disease burden; global health; incidence; male; mortality; neoplasm; risk factor; socioeconomics
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