Numerical optimization of hydrothermal liquefaction process for the production of bio-oil and bio-char from Citrus maxima peel waste and product characterization

This research study aims to potential utilization of Citrus maxima peel waste and optimize the hydrothermal liquefaction process for the production of bio-oil (BO) and bio-char (BC). The effect of several HTL processing variables on BO yield (%) and BC yield (%), including temperature, retention period, and slurry concentration, has been examined using central composite design (CCD) (a three-level three-factor design). The optimized values of HTL process variables were found to be 240 °C (temperature), 52 min (retention time), and 7% (slurry concentration) and the corresponding responses were 5.794% (BO yield) and 29.450% (BC yield). The values obtained from the RSM-CCD model as the predicted values agreed with the experimental values (5.93% and 30.14%). Further the BO and BC obtained under optimized conditions and CPP were analyzed to identify the variations by 1H-NMR, GC–MS, FT-IR, and CHNO-S. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.