Cytokine Imbalance as a Biomarker of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia

Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is an important and unresolved problem in biological and clinical psychiatry. Approximately 30% of cases of schizophrenia (Sch) are TRS, which may be due to the fact that some patients with TRS may suffer from pathogenetically “non-dopamine” Sch, in the development of which neuroinflammation is supposed to play an important role. The purpose of this narrative review is an attempt to summarize the data characterizing the patterns of production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines during the development of therapeutic resistance to APs and their pathogenetic and prognostic significance of cytokine imbalance as TRS biomarkers. This narrative review demonstrates that the problem of evaluating the contribution of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines to maintaining or changing the cytokine balance can become a new key in unlocking the mystery of “non-dopamine” Sch and developing new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of TRS and psychosis in the setting of acute and chronic neuroinflammation. In addition, the inconsistency of the results of previous studies on the role of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines indicates that the TRS biomarker, most likely, is not the serum level of one or more cytokines, but the cytokine balance. We have confirmed the hypothesis that cytokine imbalance is one of the most important TRS biomarkers. This hypothesis is partially supported by the variable response to immunomodulators in patients with TRS, which were prescribed without taking into account the cytokine balance of the relation between serum levels of the most important pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines for TRS.

Authors
Shnayder Natalia A. , Khasanova Aiperi K. , Strelnik Anna I. , Al-Zamil Mustafa 1 , Otmakhov Andrey P. , Neznanov Nikolay G. , Shipulin German A. , Petrova Marina M. , Garganeeva Natalia P. , Nasyrova Regina F.
Publisher
MDPI AG
Number of issue
19
Language
English
Pages
11324
Status
Published
Department
Медицинский институт
Volume
23
Year
2022
Organizations
  • 1 Peoples' Friendship University of Russia
Keywords
treatment-resistant schizophrenia; cytokines; cytokine status; chronic neuroinflammation; biomarker
Date of creation
04.11.2022
Date of change
16.11.2023
Short link
https://repository.rudn.ru/en/records/article/record/93148/
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