Незападные теории развития в эпоху глобального капитализма

Анализируется эволюция подходов, критикующих западную модель развития и предлагающих альтернативные теории модернизации для стран “Глобального Юга”. Традиционно наиболее проработанной критикой такой модели является неомарксизм (теории зависимости, мир-системная теория, теория транснационального капиталистического класса). Отдельные наработки реализованы в рамках постколониальных исследований, а также в контексте постдевелопментализма. Сделан вывод о недостаточности национальных исследований проблем развития в странах “Глобального Юга” (кроме КНР).

This article is devoted to the evolution of non-Western theories of development in the epoch of global capitalism, i.e. after 1990. It describes in detail what is meant by this concept - models of socio-economic development, alternative to the Western neoliberal paradigm and associated with the modernization of non-Western countries, primarily in the “Global South”. Periodization of these approaches is given in connection with the process of decolonization (early 1960s), the end of the bipolar world, and the strengthening of China (since 2010s). Two main directions of such theories - neo-Marxian tradition, as well as post-colonial and anti-colonial studies - are shown. The author concludes that the “non-Westernness” of post-colonial studies is conditional, while anti-colonial and neo-Marxian studies are very much intertwined. The article shows the role of such organizations as CODESRIA and Third World Network in shaping the intellectual development agenda of the Global South. It traces the evolution of neo-Marxist approaches to development of the poorest countries, which originated in Latin American structuralism, American neo-Marxism, the works of J. Galtung and W. Rodney. By the early 1980s, the world-systemic approach was already dominant, its representatives were relatively capable to explain the collapse of the socialist system, and also made attempts to describe the growing influence of China. Nevertheless, the theory of the transnational capitalist class that emerged in the 1990s and 2000s was more successful from this point of view. The article investigates the phenomenon of an emerging confrontation between China and the United States in the ideological field - for the influence on leftist intellectuals around the world, and shows the main resources of both sides in this conflict. Special attention is paid to Postdevelopmentalism that developed in the 1990-2000s in line with postmodernist approaches; both strengths and weaknesses of this concept are presented. In conclusion, the author summarizes that neo-Marxist approaches play a key role as the major alternative to neoliberal capitalist development in the countries of the “Global South” while national modernization theories are lacking in the non-Western countries.