Proceedings of the 17th Economics & Finance Conference. Istanbul, 05-07 September 2022

Dear Authors and Esteemed Readers, It is with a deep sense of satisfaction that I write this Foreword to the Conference Proceedings of the 17th Economics & Finance Conference, Istanbul. The IISES continues a tradition of bringing together researchers, academics and professionals from all over the world, namely: experts in economics and finance. The conference particularly encouraged the interaction of research students and developing academics with the more established academic community in an informal setting to present and to discuss new and current work. Their contributions helped to make the Conference as outstanding as it has always been. These Proceedings recorded the fully refereed papers presented at the conference. All full-length papers and work-in-progress abstracts were submitted to a double-blind, peer-review process. All the submitted papers in the proceedings have been peer-reviewed by the reviewers drawn from the scientific committees, external reviewers and editorial board members depending on the subject matter of the paper. After the rigorous peer-review process, the submitted papers were selected on the basis of originality, significance, and clarity for the purpose of the conference. Consequently, the conference program was extremely rich, featuring high-impact presentations. The papers contributed the most recent scientific knowledge known in the fields of Macroeconomics, Microeconomics, International Economics, Labour Economics, and Finance and Banking. Furthermore, these Proceedings will servethe scientists of the world with an excellent reference book. I trust also that this will be an impetus to stimulate further study and research in all these research areas. We thank all authors and participants for their outstanding contributions. Professor Robert Holman Director of the IISES