Economic and environmental multi-objective functions modeling in storage systems-based hybrid energy microgrid with demand side management strategy

This paper proposes a multi-objective functions and stochastic modeling aimed at optimizing and managing energy within a microgrid. This microgrid includes electric vehicles (EVs), fuel cell, battery energy storage system, photovoltaic (PV) panels, and microturbine with demand response. The multi-objective functions are modeled considering minimizations of the emissions pollution and operation costs under different weather conditions. Additionally, the stochastic method is represented using an unscented transformation method to model the uncertainties in power prices, power demand, and solar irradiation, thereby ensuring reliable and effective energy scheduling amidst uncertainty. The proposed optimaztion approach is implemented by numerical modeling in some case studies without and with considering demand response, electric vehicle and stochastic modeling. The results show the optimal values of the emissions pollution and operation costs with the participation of the demand response and electric vehicle by comparative analysis with improved sine cosine optimizer than other optimaztion algorithms. © 2025 Elsevier Inc.