The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has provided a new platform for economic and trade cooperation between China and Russia. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the background and prospects of ChinaRussia economic and trade cooperation under the BRI. The economic and trade cooperation between China and Russia has a long history, but the BRI has deepened and expanded this relationship. Bilateral trade has reached record levels, and China has become Russia's largest trading partner [1]. However, geopolitical tensions and the COVID-19 pandemic pose risks and challenges to future cooperation. To overcome these challenges, China and Russia need to further enhance communication and coordination, promote mutual trust, and deepen cooperation in various fields. Overall, the China-Russia economic and trade cooperation under the BRI has great potential for mutual benefit and regional development.