The global distribution and drivers of wood density and their impact on forest carbon stocks

The density of wood is a key indicator of the carbon investment strategies of trees, impacting productivity and carbon storage. Despite its importance, the global variation in wood density and its environmental controls remain poorly understood, preventing accurate predictions of global forest carbon stocks. Here we analyse information from 1.1 million forest inventory plots alongside wood density data from 10,703 tree species to create a spatially explicit understanding of the global wood density distribution and its drivers. Our findings reveal a pronounced latitudinal gradient, with wood in tropical forests being up to 30% denser than that in boreal forests. In both angiosperms and gymnosperms, hydrothermal conditions represented by annual mean temperature and soil moisture emerged as the primary factors influencing the variation in wood density globally. This indicates similar environmental filters and evolutionary adaptations among distinct plant groups, underscoring the essential role of abiotic factors in determining wood density in forest ecosystems. Additionally, our study highlights the prominent role of disturbance, such as human modification and fire risk, in influencing wood density at more local scales. Factoring in the spatial variation of wood density notably changes the estimates of forest carbon stocks, leading to differences of up to 21% within biomes. Therefore, our research contributes to a deeper understanding of terrestrial biomass distribution and how environmental changes and disturbances impact forest ecosystems. © The Author(s) 2024.

Authors
Mo L. , Crowther T.W. , Maynard D.S. , Van den Hoogen J. , Ma H. , Bialic-Murphy L. , Liang J. , De-Miguel S. , Nabuurs G.-J. , Reich P.B. , Phillips O.L. , Abegg M. , Adou Yao Y.C. , Alberti G. , Almeyda Zambrano A.M. , Alvarado B.V. , Alvarez-Dávila E. , Alvarez-Loayza P. , Alves L.F. , Amaral I. , Ammer C. , Antón-Fernández C. , Araujo-Murakami A. , Arroyo L. , Avitabile V. , Aymard G.A. , Baker T.R. , Bałazy R. , Banki O. , Barroso J.G. , Bastian M.L. , Bastin J.-F. , Birigazzi L. , Birnbaum P. , Bitariho R. , Boeckx P. , Bongers F. , Boonman C.C.F. , Bouriaud O. , Brancalion P.H.S. , Brandl S. , Brearley F.Q. , Brienen R. , Broadbent E.N. , Bruelheide H. , Bussotti F. , Gatti R.C. , César R.G. , Cesljar G. , Chazdon R. , Chen H.Y.H. , Chisholm C. , Cho H. , Cienciala E. , Clark C. , Clark D. , Colletta G.D. , Coomes D.A. , Valverde F.C. , Corral-Rivas J.J. , Crim P.M. , Cumming J.R. , Dayanandan S. , De Gasper A.L. , Decuyper M. , Derroire G. , DeVries B. , Djordjevic I. , Dolezal J. , Dourdain A. , Engone Obiang N.L. , Enquist B.J. , Eyre T.J. , Fandohan A.B. , Fayle T.M. , Feldpausch T.R. , Ferreira L.V. , Finér L. , Fischer M. , Fletcher C. , Frizzera L. , Gamarra J.G.P. , Gianelle D. , Glick H.B. , Harris D.J. , Hector A. , Hemp A. , Hengeveld G. , Hérault B. , Herbohn J.L. , Herold M. , Hietz P. , Hillers A. , Honorio Coronado E.N. , Hui C. , Ibanez T. , Imai N. , Jagodziński A.M. , Jaroszewicz B. , Johannsen V.K. , Joly C.A. , Jucker T. , Jung I. , Karminov V. , Kartawinata K. , Kearsley E. , Kenfack D. , Kennard D.K. , Kepfer-Rojas S. , Keppel G. , Khan M.L. , Killeen T.J. , Kim H.S. , Kitayama K. , Köhl M. , Korjus H. , Kraxner F. , Kucher D. , Laarmann D. , Lang M. , Lewis S.L. , Li Y. , Lopez-Gonzalez G. , Lu H. , Lukina N.V. , Maitner B.S. , Malhi Y. , Marcon E. , Marimon B.S. , Marimon-Junior B.H. , Marshall A.R. , Martin E.H. , McCarthy J.K. , Meave J.A. , Melo-Cruz O. , Mendoza C. , Mendoza-Polo I. , Miscicki S. , Merow C. , Mendoza A.M. , Moreno V.S. , Mukul S.A. , Mundhenk P. , Nava-Miranda M.G. , Neill D. , Neldner V.J. , Nevenic R.V. , Ngugi M.R. , Niklaus P.A. , Ontikov P. , Ortiz-Malavasi E. , Pan Y. , Paquette A. , Parada-Gutierrez A. , Parfenova E.I. , Park M. , Parren M. , Parthasarathy N. , Peri P.L. , Pfautsch S. , Picard N. , Piedade M.T.F. , Piotto D. , Pitman N.C.A. , Poorter L. , Poulsen A.D. , Poulsen J.R. , Pretzsch H. , Arevalo F.R. , Restrepo-Correa Z. , Richardson S.J. , Rodeghiero M. , Rolim S.G. , Roopsind A. , Rovero F. , Rutishauser E. , Saikia P. , Salas-Eljatib C. , Saner P. , Schall P. , Schelhaas M.-J. , Schepaschenko D. , Scherer-Lorenzen M. , Schmid B. , Schöngart J. , Searle E.B. , Seben V. , Serra-Diaz J.M. , Sheil D. , Shvidenko A.Z. , Da Silva A.C. , Silva-Espejo J.E. , Silveira M. , Singh J. , Sist P. , Slik F. , Sonké B. , Sosinski E.E.Jr. , Souza A.F. , Stereńczak K.J. , Svenning J.-C. , Svoboda M. , Swanepoel B. , Targhetta N. , Tchebakova N. , Ter Steege H. , Thomas R. , Tikhonova E. , Umunay P.M. , Usoltsev V.A. , Valencia R. , Valladares F. , Van Bodegom P.M. , Van der Plas F. , Van Do T. , Van Nuland M.E. , Vasquez R.M. , Verbeeck H. , Viana H. , Vibrans A.C. , Vieira S. , Von Gadow K. , Wang H.-F. , Watson J.V. , Werner G.D.A. , Wittmann F. , Woell H. , Wortel V. , Zagt R. , Zawiła-Niedźwiecki T. , Zhang C. , Zhao X. , Zhou M. , Zhu Z.-X. , Zo-Bi I.C. , Zohner C.M.
Journal
NATURE ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION
Publisher
NATURE PORTFOLIO
Number of issue
12
Language
English
Pages
2195-2212
Status
Published
Link
External link
DOI
10.1038/S41559-024-02564-9
Number
2555
Volume
8
Year
2024
Organizations
  • 1 Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
  • 2 Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  • 3 Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
  • 4 Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
  • 5 Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), Solsona, Spain
  • 6 Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
  • 7 Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
  • 8 Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  • 9 Institute for Global Change Biology and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  • 10 School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
  • 11 Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
  • 12 UFR Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
  • 13 Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
  • 14 National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
  • 15 Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab, School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  • 16 Forestry School, Tecnológico de Costa Rica TEC, Cartago, Costa Rica
  • 17 Fundacion Con Vida, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia (UNAD), Medellin, Colombia
  • 18 Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, United States
  • 19 Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  • 20 National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
  • 21 Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
  • 22 Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
  • 23 Museo de Historia natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
  • 24 European Commission, Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy
  • 25 UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Guanare, Venezuela
  • 26 Compensation International S. A. Ci Progress-GreenLife, Bogotá, Colombia
  • 27 Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Poland
  • 28 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
  • 29 Centro Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
  • 30 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
  • 31 Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  • 32 TERRA Teach and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
  • 33 Forestry Consultant, Grosseto, Italy
  • 34 Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Nouméa, New Caledonia
  • 35 AMAP, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
  • 36 CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
  • 37 Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Sciences and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
  • 38 Isotope Bioscience Laboratory—ISOFYS, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
  • 39 Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
  • 40 Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  • 41 Ștefan cel Mare, University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
  • 42 Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
  • 43 Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Freising, Germany
  • 44 Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
  • 45 Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
  • 46 Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
  • 47 Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forest (DAGRI), University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
  • 48 Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  • 49 Department of Spatial Regulation, GIS and Forest Policy, Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 50 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
  • 51 Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
  • 52 Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
  • 53 Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
  • 54 IFER - Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic
  • 55 Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
  • 56 Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  • 57 Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  • 58 Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
  • 59 Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  • 60 Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Madre de Dios, Peru
  • 61 Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
  • 62 Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
  • 63 Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, The College of Saint Rose, Albany, NY, United States
  • 64 Biology Department, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  • 65 Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
  • 66 Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
  • 67 Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
  • 68 Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 69 Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
  • 70 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
  • 71 IRET, Herbier National du Gabon (CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon
  • 72 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
  • 73 The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States
  • 74 Queensland Herbarium and Biodiversity Science, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, QLD, Australia
  • 75 Ecole de Foresterie et Ingénierie du Bois, Université Nationale d’Agriculture, Kétou, Benin
  • 76 School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
  • 77 Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
  • 78 Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
  • 79 Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Belém, Brazil
  • 80 Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Joensuu, Finland
  • 81 Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
  • 82 Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 83 Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All’adige, Italy
  • 84 Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
  • 85 Glick Designs LLC, Hadley, MA, United States
  • 86 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  • 87 Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  • 88 Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
  • 89 Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
  • 90 Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire
  • 91 Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
  • 92 Helmholtz GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics Section, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany
  • 93 Institute of Botany, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
  • 94 Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, United Kingdom
  • 95 Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Liberia Office, Monrovia, Liberia
  • 96 Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
  • 97 Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, National Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
  • 98 Theoretical Ecology Unit, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
  • 99 AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
  • 100 Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
  • 101 Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
  • 102 Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
  • 103 Faculty of Biology, Białowieża Geobotanical Station, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland
  • 104 Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  • 105 Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
  • 106 School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
  • 107 Forestry Faculty, Mytischi Branch of Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russian Federation
  • 108 Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, United States
  • 109 CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
  • 110 CTFS-ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
  • 111 Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, United States
  • 112 UniSA STEM and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  • 113 Department of Botany, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
  • 114 Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 115 Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 116 National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, South Korea
  • 117 Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 118 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  • 119 Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
  • 120 Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
  • 121 Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
  • 122 Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation
  • 123 Department of Geography, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  • 124 Department of Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
  • 125 Faculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
  • 126 Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  • 127 Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford, United Kingdom
  • 128 AgroParisTech, UMR-AMAP, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
  • 129 Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
  • 130 Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, United Kingdom
  • 131 Flamingo Land Ltd, Kirby Misperton, United Kingdom
  • 132 Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Tanzania
  • 133 Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
  • 134 Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
  • 135 Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
  • 136 Colegio de Profesionales Forestales de Cochabamba, Cochabamba, Bolivia
  • 137 Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Medellin, Colombia
  • 138 Department of Forest Management, Dendrometry and Forest Economics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
  • 139 Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Peru
  • 140 Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
  • 141 Department of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 142 Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
  • 143 Programa de doctorado en Ingeniería para el desarrollo rural y civil, Escuela de Doctorado Internacional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (EDIUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
  • 144 Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Ecuador
  • 145 Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
  • 146 Climate, Fire and Carbon Cycle Sciences, USDA Forest Service, Durham, NC, United States
  • 147 Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
  • 148 V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
  • 149 Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
  • 150 Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
  • 151 Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Gallegos, Argentina
  • 152 School of Social Sciences (Urban Studies), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  • 153 GIP Ecofor, Paris, France
  • 154 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
  • 155 Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
  • 156 The Nature Conservancy, Boulder, CO, United States
  • 157 Chair of Forest Growth and Yield Science, Department of Life Science Systems, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
  • 158 Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute iuFOR, University Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
  • 159 Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
  • 160 Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático (SECC), Fundación Con Vida & Corporación COL-TREE, Medellín, Colombia
  • 161 Centro Agricoltura, Alimenti, Ambiente, University of Trento, San Michele All’adige, Italy
  • 162 Center for Natural Climate Solutions, Conservation International, Arlington, TX, United States
  • 163 Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
  • 164 Tropical Biodiversity, MUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy
  • 165 Info Flora, Geneva, Switzerland
  • 166 Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  • 167 Departamento de Gestión Forestal y su Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
  • 168 Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
  • 169 Rhino and Forest Fund e.V., Kehl, Germany
  • 170 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
  • 171 Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
  • 172 Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
  • 173 Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
  • 174 National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
  • 175 Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Nancy, France
  • 176 Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  • 177 Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
  • 178 Santa Catarina State University, Lages, Brazil
  • 179 Departamento de Biología, Universidad de la Serena, La Serena, Chile
  • 180 Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
  • 181 Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, French Guiana
  • 182 Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
  • 183 Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
  • 184 Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasilia, Brazil
  • 185 Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
  • 186 Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  • 187 Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 188 Wildlife Conservation Society, Vientiane, Laos
  • 189 Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  • 190 Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development (IIC), Georgetown, French Guiana
  • 191 School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  • 192 Botanical Garden of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural State Forest Engineering University, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
  • 193 Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
  • 194 LINCGlobal, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
  • 195 Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
  • 196 Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
  • 197 Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  • 198 Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  • 199 Agricultural High School, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu (IPV), Viseu, Portugal
  • 200 Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
  • 201 Department of Forest Engineering Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
  • 202 Environmental Studies and Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
  • 203 Department of Forest and Wood Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
  • 204 Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
  • 205 Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
  • 206 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  • 207 Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
  • 208 Independent Researcher, Sommersbergseestrasse, Bad Aussee, Austria
  • 209 Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname
  • 210 Tropenbos International, Wageningen, Netherlands
  • 211 Polish State Forests, Coordination Center for Environmental Projects, Warsaw, Poland
  • 212 Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
Keywords
Biomass; Carbon; Forests; Trees; Wood; carbon; biomass; forest; growth, development and aging; metabolism; tree; wood
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