The global biogeography of tree leaf form and habit

Understanding what controls global leaf type variation in trees is crucial for comprehending their role in terrestrial ecosystems, including carbon, water and nutrient dynamics. Yet our understanding of the factors influencing forest leaf types remains incomplete, leaving us uncertain about the global proportions of needle-leaved, broadleaved, evergreen and deciduous trees. To address these gaps, we conducted a global, ground-sourced assessment of forest leaf-type variation by integrating forest inventory data with comprehensive leaf form (broadleaf vs needle-leaf) and habit (evergreen vs deciduous) records. We found that global variation in leaf habit is primarily driven by isothermality and soil characteristics, while leaf form is predominantly driven by temperature. Given these relationships, we estimate that 38% of global tree individuals are needle-leaved evergreen, 29% are broadleaved evergreen, 27% are broadleaved deciduous and 5% are needle-leaved deciduous. The aboveground biomass distribution among these tree types is approximately 21% (126.4 Gt), 54% (335.7 Gt), 22% (136.2 Gt) and 3% (18.7 Gt), respectively. We further project that, depending on future emissions pathways, 17–34% of forested areas will experience climate conditions by the end of the century that currently support a different forest type, highlighting the intensification of climatic stress on existing forests. By quantifying the distribution of tree leaf types and their corresponding biomass, and identifying regions where climate change will exert greatest pressure on current leaf types, our results can help improve predictions of future terrestrial ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling. © 2023, The Author(s).

Авторы
Ma H. , Crowther T.W. , Mo L. , Maynard D.S. , Renner S.S. , Van den Hoogen J. , Zou Y. , Liang J. , De-Miguel S. , Nabuurs G.-J. , Reich P.B. , Niinemets Ü. , Abegg M. , Adou Yao Y.C. , Alberti G. , Almeyda Zambrano A.M. , Alvarado B.V. , Alvarez-Dávila E. , Alvarez-Loayza P. , Alves L.F. , Ammer C. , Antón-Fernández C. , Araujo-Murakami A. , Arroyo L. , Avitabile V. , Aymard G.A. , Baker T.R. , Bałazy R. , Banki O. , Barroso J.G. , Bastian M.L. , Bastin J.-F. , Birigazzi L. , Birnbaum P. , Bitariho R. , Boeckx P. , Bongers F. , Bouriaud O. , Brancalion P.H.S. , Brandl S. , Brearley F.Q. , Brienen R. , Broadbent E.N. , Bruelheide H. , Bussotti F. , Cazzolla Gatti R. , César R.G. , Cesljar G. , Chazdon R. , Chen H.Y.H. , Chisholm C. , Cho H. , Cienciala E. , Clark C. , Clark D. , Colletta G.D. , Coomes D.A. , Valverde F.C. , Corral-Rivas J.J. , Crim P.M. , Cumming J.R. , Dayanandan S. , De Gasper A.L. , Decuyper M. , Derroire G. , DeVries B. , Djordjevic I. , Dolezal J. , Dourdain A. , Engone Obiang N.L. , Enquist B.J. , Eyre T.J. , Fandohan A.B. , Fayle T.M. , Feldpausch T.R. , Ferreira L.V. , Finér L. , Fischer M. , Fletcher C. , Fridman J. , Frizzera L. , Gamarra J.G.P. , Gianelle D. , Glick H.B. , Harris D.J. , Hector A. , Hemp A. , Hengeveld G. , Hérault B. , Herbohn J.L. , Herold M. , Hillers A. , Honorio Coronado E.N. , Hui C. , Ibanez T.T. , Amaral I. , Imai N. , Jagodziński A.M. , Jaroszewicz B. , Johannsen V.K. , Joly C.A. , Jucker T. , Jung I. , Karminov V. , Kartawinata K. , Kearsley E. , Kenfack D. , Kennard D.K. , Kepfer-Rojas S. , Keppel G. , Khan M.L. , Killeen T.J. , Kim H.S. , Kitayama K. , Köhl M. , Korjus H. , Kraxner F. , Kucher D. , Laarmann D. , Lang M. , Lewis S.L. , Lu H. , Lukina N.V. , Maitner B.S. , Malhi Y. , Marcon E. , Marimon B.S. , Marimon-Junior B.H. , Marshall A.R. , Martin E.H. , Meave J.A. , Melo-Cruz O. , Mendoza C. , Merow C. , Monteagudo Mendoza A. , Moreno V.S. , Mukul S.A. , Mundhenk P. , Nava-Miranda M.G. , Neill D. , Neldner V.J. , Nevenic R.V. , Ngugi M.R. , Niklaus P.A. , Oleksyn J. , Ontikov P. , Ortiz-Malavasi E. , Pan Y. , Paquette A. , Parada-Gutierrez A. , Parfenova E.I. , Park M. , Parren M. , Parthasarathy N. , Peri P.L. , Pfautsch S. , Phillips O.L. , Picard N. , Piedade M.T.F. , Piotto D. , Pitman N.C.A. , Mendoza-Polo I. , Poulsen A.D. , Poulsen J.R. , Pretzsch H. , Ramirez Arevalo F. , Restrepo-Correa Z. , Rodeghiero M. , Rolim S.G. , Roopsind A. , Rovero F. , Rutishauser E. , Saikia P. , Salas-Eljatib C. , Saner P. , Schall P. , Schelhaas M.-J. , Schepaschenko D. , Scherer-Lorenzen M. , Schmid B. , Schöngart J. , Searle E.B. , Seben V. , Serra-Diaz J.M. , Sheil D. , Shvidenko A.Z. , Silva-Espejo J.E. , Silveira M. , Singh J. , Sist P. , Slik F. , Sonké B. , Souza A.F. , Miścicki S. , Stereńczak K.J. , Svenning J.-C. , Svoboda M. , Swanepoel B. , Targhetta N. , Tchebakova N. , Ter Steege H. , Thomas R. , Tikhonova E. , Umunay P.M. , Usoltsev V.A. , Valencia R. , Valladares F. , Van der Plas F. , Van Do T. , Van Nuland M.E. , Vasquez R.M. , Verbeeck H. , Viana H. , Vibrans A.C. , Vieira S. , Von Gadow K. , Wang H.-F. , Watson J.V. , Werner G.D.A. , Westerlund B. , Wiser S.K. , Wittmann F. , Woell H. , Wortel V. , Zagt R. , Zawiła-Niedźwiecki T. , Zhang C. , Zhao X. , Zhou M. , Zhu Z.-X. , Zo-Bi I.C. , Zohner C.M.
Журнал
Nature Plants
Издательство
Nature Research
Номер выпуска
11
Язык
Английский
Страницы
1795-1809
Статус
Опубликовано
Ссылка
Внешняя ссылка
DOI
10.1038/S41477-023-01543-5
Том
9
Год
2023
Организации
  • 1 Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
  • 2 Department of Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
  • 3 Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
  • 4 Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
  • 5 Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO - CERCA, Solsona, Spain
  • 6 Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
  • 7 Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
  • 8 Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  • 9 Institute for Global Change Biology, and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  • 10 Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
  • 11 Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
  • 12 UFR Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
  • 13 Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
  • 14 National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
  • 15 Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  • 16 Forestry School, Tecnológico de Costa Rica TEC, Cartago, Costa Rica
  • 17 Fundacion ConVida, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, UNAD, Medellin, Colombia
  • 18 Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, United States
  • 19 Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  • 20 Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
  • 21 Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
  • 22 Museo de Historia natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
  • 23 European Commission, Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy
  • 24 UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Portuguesa, Venezuela
  • 25 Compensation International S. A. Ci Progress-GreenLife, D.C., Bogotá, Colombia
  • 26 School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
  • 27 Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
  • 28 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
  • 29 Centro Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
  • 30 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
  • 31 Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  • 32 TERRA Teach and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
  • 33 Forestry Consultant, Grosseto, Italy
  • 34 Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Nouméa, New Caledonia
  • 35 AMAP, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
  • 36 CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
  • 37 Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Sciences and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
  • 38 Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
  • 39 Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
  • 40 Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
  • 41 Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Freising, Germany
  • 42 Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
  • 43 Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
  • 44 German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
  • 45 Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forest (DAGRI), University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
  • 46 Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  • 47 Department of Spatial Regulation GIS and Forest Policy, Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 48 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
  • 49 Tropical Forest and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
  • 50 Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
  • 51 Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
  • 52 IFER - Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic
  • 53 Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
  • 54 Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  • 55 Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  • 56 Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
  • 57 Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  • 58 Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Madre de Dios, Peru
  • 59 Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
  • 60 Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
  • 61 Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, The College of Saint Rose, Albany, NY, United States
  • 62 Biology Department, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  • 63 Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
  • 64 Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
  • 65 Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
  • 66 Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 67 Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
  • 68 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
  • 69 IRET, Herbier National du Gabon (CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon
  • 70 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
  • 71 The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States
  • 72 Queensland Herbarium and Biodiversity Science, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, QLD, Australia
  • 73 Ecole de Foresterie et Ingénierie du Bois, Université Nationale d’Agriculture, Kétou, Benin
  • 74 School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
  • 75 Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
  • 76 Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
  • 77 Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Pará, Belém, Brazil
  • 78 Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Joensuu, Finland
  • 79 Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
  • 80 Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 81 Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU, Umea, Sweden
  • 82 Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All’adige, Italy
  • 83 Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
  • 84 Glick Designs LLC, Hadley, MA, United States
  • 85 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  • 86 Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  • 87 Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
  • 88 Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
  • 89 Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire
  • 90 Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
  • 91 Helmholtz GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics Section, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany
  • 92 Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, United Kingdom
  • 93 Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Liberia Office, Monrovia, Liberia
  • 94 Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
  • 95 Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
  • 96 Theoretical Ecology Unit, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
  • 97 AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
  • 98 National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
  • 99 Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
  • 100 Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
  • 101 Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
  • 102 Faculty of Biology, Białowieża Geobotanical Station, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland
  • 103 Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  • 104 Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
  • 105 School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
  • 106 Forestry Faculty, Mytischi Branch of Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russian Federation
  • 107 CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
  • 108 CTFS-ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
  • 109 Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, United States
  • 110 UniSA STEM and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  • 111 Department of Botany, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
  • 112 Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 113 Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 114 National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, South Korea
  • 115 Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 116 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  • 117 Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
  • 118 Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
  • 119 Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
  • 120 Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation
  • 121 Department of Geography, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  • 122 Faculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
  • 123 Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  • 124 Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  • 125 AgroParisTech, UMR-AMAP, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
  • 126 Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
  • 127 Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, United Kingdom
  • 128 Flamingo Land Ltd, Kirby Misperton, United Kingdom
  • 129 Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Tanzania
  • 130 Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
  • 131 Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
  • 132 Colegio de Profesionales Forestales de Cochabamba, Cochabamba, Bolivia
  • 133 Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Pasco, Peru
  • 134 Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
  • 135 Department of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 136 Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
  • 137 Programa de doctorado en Ingeniería para el desarrollo rural y civil, Escuela de Doctorado Internacional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (EDIUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
  • 138 Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Pastaza, Puyo, Ecuador
  • 139 Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
  • 140 Climate, Fire, and Carbon Cycle Sciences, USDA Forest Service, Durham, NC, United States
  • 141 Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
  • 142 V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
  • 143 Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
  • 144 Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
  • 145 Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Gallegos, Argentina
  • 146 School of Social Sciences (Urban Studies), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  • 147 GIP Ecofor, Paris, France
  • 148 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
  • 149 Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
  • 150 Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, United States
  • 151 Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Medellin, Colombia
  • 152 The Nature Conservancy, Boulder, CO, United States
  • 153 Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, Department of Life Science Systems, TUM School for Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
  • 154 Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute iuFOR, University Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
  • 155 Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
  • 156 Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático (SECC), Fundación Con Vida and Corporación COL-TREE, Medellín, Colombia
  • 157 Centro Agricoltura, Alimenti, Ambiente, University of Trento, San Michele All’adige, Italy
  • 158 Center for Natural Climate Solutions, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, United States
  • 159 Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
  • 160 Tropical Biodiversity, MUSE - Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy
  • 161 Info Flora, Geneva, Switzerland
  • 162 Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
  • 163 Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
  • 164 Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
  • 165 Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Temuco, Chile
  • 166 Rhino and Forest Fund e.V., Kehl, Germany
  • 167 Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
  • 168 Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
  • 169 Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
  • 170 National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
  • 171 Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Nancy, France
  • 172 Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  • 173 Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
  • 174 Departamento de Biología, Universidad de la Serena, La Serena, Chile
  • 175 Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
  • 176 Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, French Guiana
  • 177 Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
  • 178 Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
  • 179 Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
  • 180 Department of Forest Management, Dendrometry and Forest Economics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
  • 181 Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) & Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
  • 182 Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  • 183 Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 184 Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, United States
  • 185 Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  • 186 Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development (IIC), Georgetown, French Guiana
  • 187 School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  • 188 Botanical Garden of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural State Forest Engineering University, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
  • 189 Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
  • 190 LINCGlobal, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
  • 191 Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
  • 192 Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  • 193 Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  • 194 Agricultural High School, ESAV, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, IPV, Viseu, Portugal
  • 195 Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
  • 196 Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
  • 197 Environmental Studies and Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
  • 198 Department of Forest and Wood Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
  • 199 Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
  • 200 Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
  • 201 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  • 202 Manaaki Whenua–Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
  • 203 Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
  • 204 Independent Researcher, Sommersbergseestrasse, Bad Aussee, Austria
  • 205 Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname
  • 206 Tropenbos International, Wageningen, Netherlands
  • 207 Polish State Forests, Coordination Center for Environmental Projects, Warsaw, Poland
  • 208 Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
  • 209 Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Ключевые слова
Carbon; Ecosystem; Forests; Habits; Humans; Plant Leaves; Trees; carbon; ecosystem; forest; habit; human; metabolism; plant leaf; tree
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