The article is devoted to the study of the factor of the Azerbaijani Turks in the political and social life of Iran. The focus is on modern concepts of mobilizing the protest activity of this second largest ethnic group in Iran after the Persians. The fact that the Azerbaijani Turks have the ability to quickly mobilize themselves during the events taking place inside Iran increases their importance not only in the internal politics of Iran but also in the Middle East and South Caucasus. However, from time to time, infringement of their interests by the Iranian authorities causes tension and any confrontation that can occur between ethnic groups in Iran can lead to a violation of stability both in this country and in the region as a whole. © 2021, Rossiiskaya Akademiya Nauk, Institut Istorii (Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of General Hist. All rights reserved.