Оценка сортов и популяций Matricaria chamomilla L. по биохимическим и кариологическим показателям

Представлены результаты биохимических анализов различных хемотипов ромашки аптечной, определена их классификация в зависимости от качественных компонентов эфирного масла. Установлено, что основными компонентами эфирного масла изучаемых образцов ромашки аптечной являются: трзнс-β-фарнезен, а-бисаболол оксид А, а-фарнезен, а-бисаболол оксид В, окси-а-бисаболол, гермакрен D, оксибисаболол и хамазулен. В результате кариологических исследований составлены формулы кариотипов как диплоидных, так и тетраплоидных сортов и популяций ромашки аптечной. На основании проведенных исследований дана оценка перспективных форм ромашки аптечной, рекомендованных для дальнейшей селекционной работы.

Comparison of varieties and populations Matricaria chamomilla L. on biochemical and kariological indicators

The paper presents the results of biochemical analyzes of various chemotypes of Matricaria chamomilla of 3 varieties Podmoskovnaya, Sibirskaya bizabolol'naya and Nasten'ka, as well as Polish and German populations cultivated in the North Caucasus. Depending on the variety, population and weather conditions, the yield of chamomile inflorescences in the region is on average 0.8 to 1.3 t/ha. It has been established that the main components of chamomile essential oil of the pharmacy studied samples are: trans-ß-farnesene, a-bisabolol oxide A, a-farnesene, a-bisabolol oxide B, hydroxy a-bisabolol, germacren D, oxybisabolol and chamazulene. The content of essential oil in all populations of Matricaria chamomilla made from 0.64±0.09% in the Sibirskaya bizabolol'naya variety to 0.80±0.08% in the Polish population. The greatest amount of a-bisabolol oxide A and chamazulene in the Podmoskovnaya variety, a-bisabolol in the German population was found. All studied varieties of chamomile had chamazulene as an essential oil. The amount of chamazulene in essential oil ranges from 4.0±0.6% to 8.1±0.7%, which is evidence of good quality of medicinal raw materials. As a result of karyological studies formulas of karyotypes of both diploid and tetraploid varieties and populations of chamomile pharmacy were compiled. According to the results of the biochemical analysis of the qualitative composition of the essential oil, it was concluded that the German and Polish populations of chamomile pharmacy being diploid in the conditions of the North Caucasus are not inferior to tetraploid forms, so they can be further included in the breeding process with the goal of creating a sort of chamomile, recommended for cultivation in Western Ciscaucasia.