Global burden of peripheral artery disease and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Peripheral artery disease is a growing public health problem. We aimed to estimate the global disease burden of peripheral artery disease, its risk factors, and temporospatial trends to inform policy and public measures. Methods: Data on peripheral artery disease were modelled using the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 database. Prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and mortality estimates of peripheral artery disease were extracted from GBD 2019. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rate of peripheral artery disease attributed to modifiable risk factors were also assessed. Findings: In 2019, the number of people aged 40 years and older with peripheral artery disease was 113 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 99·2–128·4), with a global prevalence of 1·52% (95% UI 1·33–1·72), of which 42·6% was in countries with low to middle Socio-demographic Index (SDI). The global prevalence of peripheral artery disease was higher in older people, (14·91% [12·41–17·87] in those aged 80–84 years), and was generally higher in females than in males. Globally, the total number of DALYs attributable to modifiable risk factors in 2019 accounted for 69·4% (64·2–74·3) of total peripheral artery disease DALYs. The prevalence of peripheral artery disease was highest in countries with high SDI and lowest in countries with low SDI, whereas DALY and mortality rates showed U-shaped curves, with the highest burden in the high and low SDI quintiles. Interpretation: The total number of people with peripheral artery disease has increased globally from 1990 to 2019. Despite the lower prevalence of peripheral artery disease in males and low-income countries, these groups showed similar DALY rates to females and higher-income countries, highlighting disproportionate burden in these groups. Modifiable risk factors were responsible for around 70% of the global peripheral artery disease burden. Public measures could mitigate the burden of peripheral artery disease by modifying risk factors. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

Authors
Kim M.S. , Hwang J. , Yon D.K. , Lee S.W. , Jung S.Y. , Park S. , Johnson C.O. , Stark B.A. , Razo C. , Abbasian M. , Abbastabar H. , Abhari A.P. , Aboyans V. , Adane D.E.A. , Adebayo O.M. , Alahdab F. , Almustanyir S. , Aly H. , Ameyaw E.K. , Anderson J.A. , Andrei C.L. , Aryan Z. , Aujayeb A. , Bagherieh S. , Baltatu O.C. , Banach M. , Bayileyegn N.S. , Bearne L.M. , Behnoush A.H. , Bensenor I.M. , Bhaskar S. , Bhat A.N. , Bhat V. , Bikbov B. , Bintoro B.S. , Burkart K. , Cámera L.A. , Catapano A.L. , Chandrasekar E.K. , Charan J. , Chattu V.K. , Chi G. , Chukwu I.S. , Chung S.-C. , Cirillo M. , Coberly K. , Costa V.M. , Dadras O. , Dai X. , Do T.C. , Doshi R. , Ekholuenetale M. , Elgendy I.Y. , Elhadi M. , Fagbamigbe A.F. , Feizkhah A. , Fekadu G. , Gill P.S. , Goldust M. , Golechha M. , Guan S.-Y. , Gupta V.K. , Hadei M. , Hadi N.R. , Hammoud A. , Hankey G.J. , Harlianto N.I. , Hasaballah A.I. , Hassan S. , Hassen M.B. , Heidari G. , Hostiuc M. , Ilesanmi O.S. , Iwagami M. , Jokar M. , Jonas J.B. , Joshua C.E. , Jozwiak J.J. , Kazemian S. , Keykhaei M. , Khalaji A. , Khan M.A.B. , Khateri S. , Kibret B.G. , Korzh O. , Koulmane Laxminarayana S.L. , Krishan K. , Kumar A. , Kumar M. , Kuttikkattu A. , Laksono T. , Larijani B. , Le T.T.T. , Lim S.S. , Liu X. , Lorkowski S. , Magdy Abd El Razek H. , Malhotra K. , Manla Y. , Maugeri A. , Mentis A.-F.A. , Mestrovic T. , Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá A.C. , Mirica A. , Mirrakhimov E.M. , Misganaw A. , Mishra M. , Mohammad Y. , Mokdad A.H. , Moni M.A. , Montasir A.A. , Moradi Y. , Moraga P. , Morovatdar N. , Mousavi-Aghdas S.A. , Murray C.J.L. , Naghavi M. , Nair T.S. , Nassereldine H. , Natto Z.S. , Nguyen D.H. , Nguyen H.Q. , Nguyen V.T. , Noubiap J.J. , Oancea B. , Oliveira G.M.M. , Owolabi M.O. , Padron-Monedero A. , Perico N. , Petcu I.-R. , Radfar A. , Rafferty Q. , Rahman M. , Rahman M.A. , Ram P. , Rashedi S. , Rashid A.M. , Rawaf S. , Remuzzi G. , Renzaho A.M.N. , Rezaee M. , Roever L. , Saad A.M.A. , Saadatagah S. , Sadeghi M. , Sahebkar A. , Saleh M.A. , Samy A.M. , Santric-Milicevic M.M. , Sepanlou S.G. , Seylani A. , Sharfaei S. , Shorofi S.A. , Singh J.A. , Singh P. , Spartalis M. , Sundström J. , Tan K.-K. , Teramoto M. , Tharwat S. , Tyrovolas S. , Valadan Tahbaz S. , Van den Eynde J. , Vart P. , Wang C. , Wang F. , Westerman R. , Xia J. , Xu S. , Yada D.Y. , Yamagishi K. , Yonemoto N. , Zahir M. , Zangiabadian M. , Zarrintan A. , Zastrozhin M.S. , Zastrozhina A. , Zoladl M. , Hay S.I. , Shin J.I. , Roth G.A.
Journal
LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH
Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
Number of issue
10
Language
English
Pages
e1553-e1565
Status
Published
Link
External link
DOI
10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00355-8
Volume
11
Year
2023
Organizations
  • 1 Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
  • 2 Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  • 3 Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 4 Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea
  • 5 Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
  • 6 Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea
  • 7 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  • 8 Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  • 9 Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  • 10 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  • 11 Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  • 12 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  • 13 Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  • 14 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  • 15 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 16 Pharmacology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 17 Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 18 School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 19 Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 20 Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 21 School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 22 Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 23 Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 24 Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 25 Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 26 Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 27 Department of Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 28 Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 29 School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  • 30 Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  • 31 Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
  • 32 University of Limoges, Limoges, France
  • 33 Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  • 34 College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 35 Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 36 Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 37 Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  • 38 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  • 39 College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 40 Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 41 Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  • 42 Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  • 43 School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  • 44 Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  • 45 Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  • 46 Northumbria HealthCare National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, NHS Scotland, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  • 47 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  • 48 Center of Innovation, Technology and Education, Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
  • 49 Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  • 50 Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  • 51 Department of Surgery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  • 52 Population Health Research Institute, University of London, London, United Kingdom
  • 53 Centre for Engagement and Dissemination, National Institute for Health Research, Twickenham, United Kingdom
  • 54 Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 55 Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  • 56 Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  • 57 Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  • 58 Department of Internal Medicine, St John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
  • 59 Scientific-Tools.Org, Bergamo, Italy
  • 60 Department of Health Behaviour, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Gadjah Mada University), Sleman, Indonesia
  • 61 Center of Health and Behavior and Promotion, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Gadjah Mada University), Sleman, Indonesia
  • 62 Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 63 Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 64 Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  • 65 MultiMedica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Sesto S Giovanni, Italy
  • 66 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
  • 67 Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
  • 68 Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  • 69 Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  • 70 Saveetha Dental College, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  • 71 Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria
  • 72 Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  • 73 Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom
  • 74 Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
  • 75 Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 76 Section Global Health and Rehabilitation, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
  • 77 Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  • 78 Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  • 79 Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  • 80 Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  • 81 Department of Cardiology, St Joseph's University Medical Center, Paterson, NJ, United States
  • 82 Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 83 Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 84 Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 85 Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 86 Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  • 87 Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  • 88 Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  • 89 Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  • 90 School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  • 91 Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  • 92 Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  • 93 Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  • 94 Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  • 95 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medicla University, Hefei, China
  • 96 Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  • 97 Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
  • 98 Department of Medical and Technical Information Technology, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  • 99 Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  • 100 Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
  • 101 Faculty of Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  • 102 Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
  • 103 Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 104 National Data Management Center for Health (NDMC), Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 105 Santa Clara, CA, United States
  • 106 Research and Development Center for Health Services, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
  • 107 Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  • 108 Zoonoses Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  • 109 Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  • 110 Department of Clinical Sciences, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Jahrom, Iran
  • 111 Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  • 112 Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  • 113 Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria
  • 114 Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  • 115 Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  • 116 Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  • 117 Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  • 118 Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom
  • 119 School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  • 120 Department of Medical Physiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  • 121 Department of General Practice-Family Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
  • 122 Kasturba Medical College, Udupi, India
  • 123 Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  • 124 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, UN Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Center, Ahmedabad, India
  • 125 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medanta Hospital, Gurugram, India
  • 126 Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, India
  • 127 School of Public Health, Texila American University, Coimbatore, India
  • 128 Department of Nephrology, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thiruvalla, India
  • 129 Department of Physiotherapy, Universitas Aisyiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  • 130 Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
  • 131 Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  • 132 University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  • 133 Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  • 134 Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
  • 135 Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena, Germany
  • 136 Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  • 137 Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  • 138 Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  • 139 Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
  • 140 Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  • 141 Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia" (DGFI), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  • 142 International Dx Department, BGI Genomics, Copenhagen, Denmark
  • 143 University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  • 144 Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  • 145 Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  • 146 Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  • 147 Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  • 148 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, United States
  • 149 Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 150 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  • 151 Department of Medicine, TMSS Medical College, Bogura, Bangladesh
  • 152 Department of Medicine, Sofia Ismail Memorial Medical Centre, Bogura, Bangladesh
  • 153 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Kurdistan, Iran
  • 154 Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
  • 155 Clinical Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  • 156 Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  • 157 Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  • 158 Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 159 Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 160 Health Workforce Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
  • 161 Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  • 162 Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
  • 163 Cardiovascular Research Department, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IN, United States
  • 164 Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  • 165 Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  • 166 Cardiology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 167 National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
  • 168 Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy
  • 169 College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  • 170 Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  • 171 School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
  • 172 School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  • 173 Department of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  • 174 Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
  • 175 Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  • 176 Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  • 177 School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  • 178 Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  • 179 Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
  • 180 Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
  • 181 College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  • 182 Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 183 Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MARSI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 184 Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 185 School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 186 Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  • 187 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  • 188 Department of Clinical Review and Safety, Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA, United States
  • 189 Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 190 Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  • 191 School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  • 192 Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, AL, United States
  • 193 Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  • 194 3rd Department of Cardiology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
  • 195 Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  • 196 The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  • 197 Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
  • 198 Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
  • 199 St John of God Health Park, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Barcelona, Spain
  • 200 Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
  • 201 Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  • 202 Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
  • 203 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  • 204 Brown School, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
  • 205 Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
  • 206 School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
  • 207 Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  • 208 School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
  • 209 Department of Endocrinology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
  • 210 Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
  • 211 Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  • 212 Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  • 213 Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  • 214 Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  • 215 Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
  • 216 Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
Keywords
Adult; Aged; Databases, Factual; Female; Global Burden of Disease; Humans; Income; Male; Middle Aged; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Risk Factors; glucose; sodium; adult; aged; Article; disability-adjusted life year; epidemiological data; female; global prevalence; global disease burden; glucose blood level; high income country; human; hypertension; incidence; kidney failure; low income country; male; middle aged; middle income country; morbidity; mortality rate; peripheral arterial disease; prevalence; risk factor; smoking; sociodemographic index; sociodemographics; very elderly; years lived with disability; years of life lost; factual database; income; risk factor
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