Current Status of Biotechnological Approaches to Enhance the Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals in India—A Review

Rising waste construction, agricultural actions, and manufacturing sewages all contribute to heavy metal accumulation in water resources. Humans consume heavy metals-contaminated substances to make sustenance, which equally ends up in the food circle. Cleaning of these vital properties, along with the prevention of new pollution, has long been required to evade negative strength consequences. Most wastewater treatment techniques are widely acknowledged to be costly and out of the grasp of governments and small pollution mitigation businesses. Utilizing hyper-accumulator plants that are extremely resilient to heavy metals in the environment/soil, phytoremediation is a practical and promising method for eliminating heavy metals from contaminated environments. This method extracts, degrades, or detoxifies harmful metals using green plants. The three phytoremediation techniques of phytostabilization, phytoextraction, and phytovolatilization have been used extensively for soil remediation. Regarding their ability to be used on a wide scale, conventional phytoremediation methods have significant limitations. Hence, biotechnological attempts to change plants for heavy metal phytoremediation methods are extensively investigated in order to increase plant effectiveness and possible use of improved phytoremediation approaches in the country of India. This review focuses on the advances and significance of phytoremediation accompanied by the removal of various harmful heavy metal contaminants. Similarly, sources, heavy metals status in India, impacts on nature and human health, and variables influencing the phytoremediation of heavy metals have all been covered.