Critical Systematic Review of 3D Bioprinting in Biomedicine

The rapid development of 3D bioprinting technology has not been critically evaluated for its potential clinical applications… The ability of 3D manufacturing to create organ-like structures obscures the fact that the formed grafts are not physiologically relevant. We hypothesize that researchers do not use techniques that allow for the evaluation of the micro-architectonics of formed implants and mainly focus on biocompatibility and commonly observed immunological responses. This study aims to investigate the morphological landscape of the basics of 3D bioprinting through a systematic review of the outcomes of the experimental implantation of bioprinted constructs. A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed database using the following query: (bioprinting OR printing OR bioprinted OR printed OR bioinks) AND (cell OR cells) AND (implantation OR implanted OR in vivo) AND (goat OR porcine OR pig OR swine OR dog OR rabbit OR sheep) NOT (human OR humans). This systematic review evaluated the preformed studies of the in vivo assessment the 3D-bioprinted constructs, and 41 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were selected. We concluded that 3D bioprinting has limited applications for forming living tissue for orthotopic implantation. Additionally, quantitative methods for evaluating the properties and morphological quality of implanted bioprinted constructs have not been developed for tissue engineering applications. © 2025 by the authors.